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To examine transcriptomic differences between elasmobranchs vs. teleosts and endothermic vs. ectothermic (i.e. non-endothermic) species, we sampled heart tissue since it is a metabolically active tissue, and expression of major components in innate and adaptive immunity have been demonstrated in heart and associated blood tissues [37, 38]. Compared to ectothermic fishes, regionally endothermic fishes such as tunas tend to have an elevated heart rate and this in part supports the maintenance of elevated temperature in some tissues [18, 39]. We hypothesize, therefore, that there are differences in expressed gene content of heart tissue of endothermic species relative to ectothermic species, to compensate for this increased heart rate. Our study included the following seven species: elasmobranchs - white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus; hereinafter termed mako), great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran; hereinafter termed hammerhead), and yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis); teleosts - swordfish (Xiphias gladius), hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus), and ocean surgeonfish Acanthurus bahianus; hereinafter termed surgeonfish). Both white shark and mako (Lamnidae, Lamniformes), like other lamnids, display elevated internal temperatures indicative of regional endothermy [40]; the great hammerhead (Sphyrnidae, Carcharhiniformes) and the yellow stingray (hereinafter referred to as ray) (Urotrygonidae, Myliobatiformes) represent the two ectothermic elasmobranchs included in our study. Molecular phylogenetic studies support rays and skates as the sister group to sharks and suggest that this split was approximately 300 Mya [2, 3, 41]. The swordfish (Xiphiidae, Perciformes) is a representative of a regionally endothermic teleost, while both hogfish (Labridae, Perciformes) and surgeonfish (Acanthuridae, Perciformes) are ectotherms.
Stingray 2017 Key
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The MCLBlastLINE analysis resulted in sets of homologous clusters of proteins, which were compared across taxa. Considering first elasmobranchs, more clusters were uniquely shared between mako and white shark relative to white shark and hammerhead (493 and 166 respectively; Fig. 1a). Mako and hammerhead shared many fewer homologues; this combination of similarities and differences of clusters across the shark species included in our dataset is both a reflection of the closer evolutionary relationship of mako and white shark, compared to hammerhead, and of the lower output associated with the mako sequencing run. Mako had the largest number of unique clusters (950) among elasmobranchs (possibly a reflection of the somewhat poorer quality of the data for this species; see for example mako n50, Table 1). Despite rays being separated from sharks by about 300 million years of evolution [2, 3, 41], the yellow stingray had a similar number of unique clusters (199) as white shark (214) and great hammerhead (221). The shared set of elasmobranch heart transcriptome MCL clusters was 4,999 (Fig. 1a), and a similar sized core set was apparent in the comparison involving the three teleosts (5,113, Fig. 1b). A large number of these MCL clusters were shared between all seven species (4,259, Fig. 2) with a similar number unique to teleosts, as well as to elasmobranchs (Fig. 2). The number of clusters restricted to only elasmobranchs and only teleosts, represented 14.8% and 16.7% of the complete elasmobranch and teleost clusters, respectively. When looking at the clusters shared among endothermic species we found 5,192 core clusters shared between the three species (white shark, mako, and swordfish). There were 4,259 clusters shared between endotherms and ectotherms (i.e. all seven taxa) yielding 933 (18% of the total) clusters unique to endotherms and 473 (10% of the total) unique to ectotherms (Additional file 1: Figure S1 and Additional file 2: Figure S2).
Stingrays goalie Parker Milner follows the puck on an Everblades attempt as South Carolina defeated Florida 2-1 to win the South Division Kelly Cup best-of-seven series 4-1 Thursday, May 3, 2017 at the North Charleston Coliseum. Wade Spees/Staff
Stingrays goalie Parker Mlner and Wade Epp celebrate the South Carolina Stingrays win over the Florida Everblades 2-1 to take the South Division Kelly Cup best-of-seven series 4-1 Thursday, May 3, 2017 at the North Charleston Coliseum. Wade Spees/Staff
The Navy expects to invest almost $2.5 billion through fiscal year 2022 in the development of an unmanned aerial refueling system referred to as the MQ-25 . The MQ-25 is the result of a restructure of the former Unmanned Carrier-Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike system. The program is expected to deliver an unmanned aircraft system that operates from aircraft carriers and provides aerial refueling to other Navy aircraft and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. The Navy plans to release a request for proposals for air system development by October 2017 and award a development contract one year later.
A House Armed Services Committee report on a bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 contained a provision for GAO to review the status of the MQ-25 program. This report assesses the extent to which the MQ-25's acquisition strategy is (1) rooted in validated requirements and (2) structured to follow a knowledge-based acquisition process.
Stingrays are surveillance tools that have become increasingly common nationwide. They essentially work by spoofing a cellphone tower and effectively tricking a handset into giving up its location. For years, law enforcement agencies big and small have tried to obscure their use, and the agencies have often been reluctant to release relevant public records. United States v. Ellis has been notable as it has begun to illuminate exactly how stingrays are used in day-to-day police work.
In the case, an Oakland man named Purvis Ellis was charged with not only racketeering, but also the attempted murder of a police officer. Ellis was located in an East Oakland apartment several hours after a January 2013 shooting with the help of two stingrays. Prosecutors initially insisted that only one stingray was used, but, as was revealed last summer, that turned out not to be the case. The Oakland Police Department's own stingray was seemingly insufficient, so officers then called in the FBI, both times without a warrant.
Prosecutors argued that, even if the court considered the stingray's use to be a search, no warrant was needed, as the hours after the shooting constituted "exigent circumstances." "Exigent circumstances" is an idea in American criminal procedure that allows law enforcement to search or seize persons or things if there are imminent circumstances in which bodily harm or injury is in process, evidence is being destroyed, or a suspect is in flight. In such situations, a warrant is not required. Moreover, time was of the essence, prosecutors claim.
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette includes an LT1 6.2 L V8 (376 cu in) making 455 hp (339 kW) or 460 hp (340 kW) with the optional performance exhaust. The LT1 engine (the "LT1" designation was first used by GM in 1970 and then later in 1992.) is in the Gen V family of small block engines, which will be used in GM vehicles as the new small V8 option. It features three advanced technologies to the new LT1 V8 engine: direct injection, variable valve timing, and an active fuel management system.[93] Fuel injectors are located under the intake manifold. The Corvette remains rear-wheel drive with the transaxle located in the rear. Transmission choices include a 7-speed manual or a 6-speed (2014) / 8-speed (2015-) automatic with paddle shifters. The new interior includes wide-bottom seats as standard, with sportier versions with high side bolsters optional. The Corvette's flag logo has been revised for the new car and a small casting of a stingray has been added to the car's ornamentation.
For the 2017 model year Chevrolet once again introduced the Grand Sport (GS) model.[105] This model includes Z06 wide-body styling features and suspension tuning along with the Z51 dry sump LT1 engine configuration. Grand Sport models were available in 10 exterior colors and could have the optional Heritage Package which included hash-mark fender graphics (available in six colors. As part of the introduction of the Grand Sport in Geneva, Switzerland, Chevrolet also announced a 2017 Chevrolet Corvette Grand Sport Collector Edition that was to be limited to 1,000 vehicles in total with 850 for the US Market. Final production numbers show 784 Coupes and 151 Convertibles were built; 935 total.[106]
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted in December 2017 to overturn net neutrality provisions established by the 2015 Open Internet Order that required network service providers to treat internet traffic equally. The vote also diminished the FCC's regulatory authority over broadband service providers (see Regulatory Bodies). 2ff7e9595c
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